Literature Review

Subject :	Environmental Studies
Topic :	A Critical Evaluation, Analysis and Synthesis of Existing Knowledge Concerning Commercial Waste Storage in UK
Introduction :

Nowadays, it is very clear that the resources of the world are finite and in order to maintain a stable economic growth and standard of living in the future, we must use resources judiciously and sparingly and evolve technologies for cycling wastes and residues thereby save both resources and energy.

Waste is a part of human activity from time immemorial. The earlier times, the population was small, requirements were few and resources were abundant, and the generation "waste was such that it got naturally recycled being mostly biodegradable. However, after the industrial revolution, particularly during the recent decades the resources have been used recklessly and there has been generation of very diverse type of wastes which are often both non biodegradable and hazardous. An ecosystem cannot absorb them in the natural course. The heaping up of such wastes particularly chemicals to, which ecosystem has never been used to poses serious environmental problems.

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Report

Subject :	Product Development
Topic :	Product Development Process
Introduction :

The purpose of this report is to act as a guide to anyone who has an idea but no formal design, business, manufacturing or environmental experience who nonetheless wishes to start their own company. It is recommended that such a person understand how a company’s business strategies should balance the customer’s expectations with internal functional requirements and business profitability and also how vital these are to the production process.

The need to develop new products and improve on the existing ones has always been a key factor in the manufacturing industry. Products normally have a limited life span; they are usually replaced with new ones or improved on in order to satisfy customers’ needs.

Numerous factors contribute to the development of new products, including technology improvement, the need for new products, low sales in the market, new products being introduced by competitors and products becoming obsolete. As a result of these factors, there is the need to keep inventing new products and improve existing ones. For example, this is highlighted in the automobile industry, for any car manufacturer to survive in the auto industry the manufacturer must be innovative, and produce cars of high quality but low priced in order to compete. For this reason most car manufacturers tend to introduce new range and models of different cars every year.

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Essay

Subject :	Marketing
Topic :	How brands are delivered and communicated into the market place
Introduction :

Although there has been increasing body of literature on industrial and service brands, few of these studies have focus on a brand in the context of a particular company. At the same time even where previous studies were directed towards this direction, little or no attention have been placed on the social status of a brand. According to Fisk (1980), brands are simply a collection of perceptions held in the minds of the consumers. Branding in consumer’s market has been widely argued to improve on a company’s financial performance and long term competitive position (Aaker, 1992). According to Keller (1993), powerful brands create meaningful images both in the minds of consumers and the society. Elaborating on this, Aaker (1992) contends that, brand equity is a combination of assets such as loyalty, awareness, and perceived quality with brand associations (Aaker 1992).

Brands help customers interpret and process information about a product and are primary for customers purchase decision (Keller, 1992:2, Aaker 1992 p.29-33). At the level of the firm, brands improve the firm’s efficiency by reducing marketing costs and improving prices and margin, serve as an important point of differentiation for firms, assisting customers in their evaluation and choice processes (Aaker,.1992). In the remaining part of the paper, while I will first of all present the components of a brand, thereafter social connotation and the importance of a brand will be discussed and finally I will draw a conclusion.

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Essay

Subject :	Finance
Topic :	Problems with brand valuation in financial accounting
Introduction :

As we have progressed into the twenty-first century, the valuation of firms has continued to evolve. During the nineteenth and for much of the twentieth century, value, notionally represented by the net book value of assets on the balance sheet, was heavily dependent on so-called hard assets such as plant and equipment. For the past several years, how-ever, the gap between market capitalization and net book value has increased to enormous proportions-driven largely by the importance of intangible assets. These intangibles pose a crisis for the accounting profession-placing a value on brands, customers, patents, or a skilled or productive workforce is much more difficult than recording the depreciated value of a piece of equipment. Managers always tend to focus more attention on things they can measure than those they cannot (Hulbert, Capon & Piercy. 2005).

One of the great challenges in marketing is that there is no uniform definition of brand: There are three different concept of brand. First there are logos and associated visual elements which are used to differentiate one company’s products and services from another (Haigh 2008).

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Dissertation

Subject :	Community Policing
Topic :	The Perception of Police by Ethnic Minorities Groups in the UK
Introduction :

Recent decades have seen a massive expansion in private and quasi-public forms of policing provision, and provide an overview of, the emerging new policing division of labour. Sociological studies have been instrumental in revealing racist attitudes among police officers. In the 1980s, a study of police by Roger Graef (1989) concluded that police were 'actively hostile to all minority groups'. He noted the frequency with which officers would use stereotypes and racial slurs when speaking about ethnic minorities. During the 1990s, several high-profile incidents in the UK raised awareness about police racism in ways that no study ever could. The racist murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 has significantly altered the nature of the debate over racism in the UK by demonstrating that it is not restricted to certain individuals, but can pervade entire institutions.

Following the publication of the McPherson Report in 1999, Jack Straw, the then Home Secretary, and challenged police to become 'champions of a multicultural society'. Many of the report's seventy recommendations were acted on within a year of its publication, although critics have claimed that change is not occurring quickly enough. In the very first year after the publication of this report, more than one-third of police forces had not hired any additional black or Asian officers and the number of ethnic minority officers had fallen in nine out of forty-three forces in England and Wales. There have also been indications of an "anti-McPherson backlash" among some segments of the law-enforcement community, who believe that the report unfairly targeted police (Fitzgerald 2001).

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